Place of Articulation - English Morphology
FORMAL SENTENCES
One reason people lie, is to achieve personal
power. Achieving personal power is helpful for someone, who pretends to be more
confident than he really is.
/w/Ʌ/n/ /’r/i:/z/n/
/’p/i:/p/l/ /l/aɪ/ /ɪ/z/ /t/ə:/ /ə/’tʃ/i:/v/ /’p/ɜ:/s/ə/n/l/ /’paʊə(r)/ /ə/’tʃ/i:/v/i/ɧ/ /ə/’tʃ/i:/v/i/ɧ/
/h/e/l/p/f/ə/l/ /f/ə/(r)/ /’sɅmwɅn/ /hu:/ /prɪ’tend(s)/
/tə;/ /bi;/ /mɔ:(r)/ /’kɒnfɪdənt/
/en;/ / hi:/ /’ri:əli/
/iz/
1.
ONE /w/Ʌ/n/
a.
Consonant
/w/
i. Place of Articulatory
/w/
Bilabial : Bilabial consonants are produced
by creating a closure with both lips.
ii. Manner of
articulatory /w/
b.
Vowel
/Ʌ/
i. Place of Articulatory
/Ʌ/
Back vowels: Produced with the tongue in the
back of the mouth.
ii. Manner of
articulation /Ʌ/
Open-mid back unrounded vowel [ʌ], a short
sound as in one[wʌn]. The tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the
mouth, almost touching the soft palate.
c.
Consonant
/n/
i. Place of articulation
/n/
Alveolar
: tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth.
ii. Manner of
articulation /n/
Nasal : The mouth-passage is
completeli blocked by raising the tip of the tounge to touch the teet-ridge as
shown in picture, the soft palate is lowered so that, when air is emitted by
pressure from the lungs, it passes out through the nose, the vocal cord are
made to vibrate so that “voice” is produced. This formation may be expressed
shortly by defining the sound as a voiced
alveolar nasal consonant.
d.
Syllables
Ϭ
R
O
N C
/w/ /Ʌ/
/n/
2.
REASON /’r/i:/z/n/
a.
Consonant
/r/
i. Place of articulation
/r/
Approximants
: In an approximant, the articulators involved in the constriction are further
apart still than they are for a fricative. The articulators are still closer to
each other than when the vocal tract is in its neutral position, but they are
not even close enough to cause the air passing between them to become
turbulent.
ii. Manner of
articulation /r/
Fricative : it is
articulated by the tip of the tongue against the back part of the teeth-ridge,
the main body of the tongue being kept low and the “front” being held concave
to the palate, and the whole tongue being laterally contracted.
b.
Vowel
/i:/
i. Place of articulation
/i:/
Front vowels : Produced with the tongue in
the front of the mouth.
ii. Manner of
articulation /i:/
Description of the manner of forming the
vowel :
a) Height
of tongue: nearly “close”
b) Part
of tongue which is highest: centre of “front”
c) Position
of lips : spread or neutral
d) Opening
between the jaw: narrow medium.
c.
Consonant
/z/
i. Place of articulation
/z/
Alveolar
ii. Manner of
articulation /z/
Fricative : it is
articulated by the blade (or tip and blade) of the tongue against the
teeth-ridge, the front of the tongue being at the same time slightly raises in
the direction of the hard palate. The teeth are brought close together, and the
passage between the blade of the tongue and the teeth-ridge is extremely
narrow. The soft palate is in its raised pisotion, and the vocal cords are made
to vibrate so that “voice” is produced.
d.
Consonant
/n/
i. see at “one”
e.
Syllable
Ϭ Ϭ
R R
O N
C N
/’r/ /i:/ /z/ /n/
3.
PEOPLE /’p/i:/p/l/
a.
Consonant
/p/
i. Place of articulation
/p/
Labial
ii. Manner of
articulation /p/
Plosive : The air passage is
completely blocked by closing the
lips and raising the soft palate, the air is compressed by pressure from the
lungs, and when the lips are opened the air suddenly escapes from the mouth,
and in doing so makes an explosive sound, the vocal cords are not made to
vibrate. The formation of the sound may be expressed shortly by defining it as
a voiceless bilabial plosive consonant.
b.
Vowel
/i:/
i. See at “reason”
c.
Consonant
/l/
i. Place of articulation
/l/
Alveolar : tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the
top teeth. English alveolar
consonants are formed by raising the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge,
which lies right behind the teeth. There are both
fricatives and stops.
ii. Manner of
articulation /l/
Lateral : articulated by the
tip of the tongue touching the teeth-ridge in such a way that though there is
complete closure in the middle of the mouth, yet a passage for the air in is
raised position, the vocal cords are made to vibrate so that “voice” is
produced. This formation may be expressed shortly by defining the sounds as voiced alveolar lateral consonant.
d.
Syllable
Ϭ Ϭ
R R
O
N C N
/’p/ /i:/ /p/
/l/
4.
LIE /l/aɪ/
a.
Consonant
/l/
i. See at “people”
b.
Dipthong
/aɪ/
i. Place of articulation
/aɪ/
Front
ii. Manner of articulation /aɪ/
a. Height
of tongue : low
b. Part
of tongue raised : the front
c. Position
of lips : sread to neutral
d. Opening
between the jaw : rather wide
The tongue-tip is touching
or nearly touching the lower front teeth, and as in the case of all ordinary vowels,
the soft palate is in its raised position and the vocal cords are in vibration.
c.
Syllable
Ϭ
R
O N
/l/ /aɪ/
5.
IS /ɪ/z/
a.
Vowel
/ɪ/
i. Place of articulation
/ɪ/
Front
vowels: Produced with the tongue in the front of the mouth
ii. Manner of articulation /ɪ/
The
manner of forming this English short /ɪ/
a. Height of tongue : nearly “half close”
b. Part of tongue which is highest : the hinder part of
the “front”
c. Position of lips : spread or neutral
d. Opening between the jaws : narrow to medium
The
tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, but smaal variations in its position
do not materially affect the tamber. As with all normal vowels, the soft palate
is in its raised position and the cords are in vibration.
b. Consonan /z/
i. Place of articulation
Alveolar : tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the
top teeth. English alveolar
consonants are formed by raising the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge,
which lies right
behind the teeth. There are both fricatives and stops.
ii. Manner of articulation /z/
Fricative
: the teeth are close together, the sound cannot be pronounced with the mouth
wide open. The space between the blade of the tongue and the teeth-ridge is
extremely narrow. The soft palate is in its raises position, and the vocal
cords are not made to vibrate. The formation of /z/ may be expresses shortly by
defining the sound as a breathed
blade-alveolar fricative consonant.
6. TO /t/ə:/
a. Consonant /t/
i. Place of articulation /t/
Alveolar :
tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth.
ii. Manner of articulation /t/
b. Vowel /ə;/
i. Place of artiulation /ə;/
Central
vowels: Produced with the tongue in the center of the mouth.
Manner of
articulation /ə;/
a. Height of tongue : about half-way between “open” and
“close”
b. Part of tongue which is highest : the central part,
culminating at the junction between “front” and “back”
c. Position of lips : spread
d. Opening between the jaws : narrow.
The
tip of the tongue generally touches the base of the lower teeth, but as long as
it is near the lower teeth, its precise position does not appreciably affect
the quality of the sound. As in the case of all normal vowels, the soft palate
is in its raised position, and the vocal cords are in vibration.
c. Syllable
Ϭ
R
O N
/t/ /ə:/
a. Vowel /ə/
i. Place of articulation /ə/
Central
vowels: Produced with the tongue in the center of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /ə/
The
approximate tongue-position of /ə/, its lip-position is similar.
b. Consonant /tʃ/
i. Place of articulation /tʃ/
Palato-alveolar
ii. Manner of articulation /tʃ/
Africative
: the air-passage is completely blocked by raising the soft palate and raising the tip and blade of the tongue into the
position shown in picture, that is to
say a closed position in which the main part of the tingue is shaped nearly as
for /ʃ/. While the “stop” is being held, air is compressed by pressure from the
lungs, when the tongue is removed from the teeth-ridge, the air escapes through
the mouth : the removal of the tongue is performed in such a way that the
effect of the homorganic fricative /ʃ/ is audible before any following sound is
reached the vocal cords are not made to vibrate. The fromation of /tʃ/ may be
expressed shortly by defining it as a voiceless
palato-alveolar affricative consonant.
c. Vowel /i:/
i. See at “reason”
d. Consonant /v/
i. Place of articulation /v/
Labiodental =
lower lip and upper teeth.
Labiodental consonants are produced by
raising the lower lip to the upper teeth.
English has only fricative labiodentals, and
no stops.
 |
ii. Manner of
articulation /v/
The vocal cords are made
vibrate so that “voice” is produced during the articulation of the sound. The
formation of /v/ may therefore be expressed shortly by defining it as a voiced labio-dental fricative consonant.
e.
Syllable
Ϭ Ϭ
O N
C N
8.
PERSONAL /’p/ɜ:/s/ə/n/l/
a.
Consonant
/p/
i. See at “people”
b.
Vowel
/ɜ:/
i. Place of articulation
/ɜ:/
Central
vowels: Produced with the tongue in the center of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /ɜ:/
The central part of the
tongue is raised in order to make it. The tongue is raised to about mid-way
between the “half-close” and “half-open” positions, or perhaps a shade higher
than this. The lips are spread, the opening between the jaws is narrow, it is
impossible to make the sound properly with a wide open mouth.
c.
Consonant
/s/
i. Place of articulation
/s/
Alveolar
: tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth.
ii. Manner
of articulation /s/
This sound is articulated by
the blade (or tp and blade) of the tongue against the teeth-ridge, the “front”
of the tongue being at the same time some what raised in the direction of the
hard palate.
d.
Vowel
/ə/
i. See at “achieve”
e.
Consonant
/n/
i. See at “people”
f.
Consonat
/l/
i. See at “people”
g.
Syllable
Ϭ Ϭ Ϭ
R
R R
O N O N
C N
/’p/ /ɜ:/
/s/ /ə/ /n/
/l/
9.
POWER /’paʊə(r)/
a.
Consonant
/p/
i. See at “people”
b.
Dipthong
/aʊ/
i. Place of articulation
/aʊ/
ii. Manner of
articulation /aʊ/
The formation of the vowel
with which the dipthong begins :
a. Height
of tongue : low
b. Part
of the tongue raised : the hinder part of the front
c. Position
of lips : neutral
d. Opening
between the jaws : rather wide.
The tongue-tip is touching
or nearly touching the lower front teeth, and as in the case of all ordinary
vowels, the soft palate is in its raised position and the vocal cords are in
vibration.
c.
Vowel
/ə/
i. See at “achieve”
d.
Consonant
/r/
i. See at “reason”
e.
Syllable
Ϭ
R
O
N C
/’p/ /aʊ/
/ə(r)/
10.
ACHIEVING /ə/’tʃ/i:/v/i/ɧ/
a.
Vowel
/ə/
i. See at “achieve”
b.
Consonant
/tʃ/
i. See at “achieve”
c.
Vowel
/i:/
i. See at “reason”
d.
Consonant
/v/
i. See at “achieve”
e.
Vowel
/i/
i. Place of articulation
/i/
Front
vowels: Produced with the tongue in the front of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /i/
The
manner of forming this English /i/ :
a. Height of tongue : nearly “half-close”
b. Part of tongue which is highest : the hinder part of
the front
c. Position of lips :spread or neutral
d. Opening between the jaws : narrow to medium.
The
tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, but small variation in its position
do not materially affect the tamber. As with all normal vowel, the soft palate
is in its raised position and the vocal cords in vibration.
f. Consonant /ɧ/
i. Place of articulation /ɧ/
Velar :
the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate ("velum"), the area
right behind the palate.
ii. Manner
of articulation /ɧ/
The mouth-passage is completely blocked by raising
the back of the tongue to touch the fore part of the soft palate shown in
picture, the soft palate is in its lowered position, so that when air is
emitted by pressure from the lungs it issues through the nose. The vocal cords
are made to vibrate, so that “voice” is produced. The formation of this /ɧ/ may
be expressed shortly by defining it as a voiced
velar nasal consonant.
g. Syllable
Ϭ Ϭ Ϭ
R R R
N
C N O
N
/ə/
/’tʃ/ /i:/ /v/
/i/ɧ/
11. HELPFUL /h/e/l/p/f/ə/l/
a. Consonant /h/
i. Place of articulation /h/
Glottal
ii. Manner of articulation /h/
The glottis is the opening
between the vocal folds. In an /h/, this opening is narrow enough to create
some turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds. For this reason,
/h/ is often classified as a glottal fricative.
b.
Vocal
/e/
i. Place of articulation
/e/
Front vowels:
Produced with the tongue in the front of the mouth.
ii. Manner of
articulation /e/
The manner of forming the
sound :
a. Height
of tongue : intermediate between half-close and half-open.
b. Part
of the tongue raised : the front
c. Position
of lips : spread or neutral
d. Opening
between the jaws : medium.
The tongue touches the lower teeth, but small
variations in its position do not materially affect the tamber. As with all
normal vowels, the soft palate is in its raised position and the vocal cords
are in vibration.
c.
Consonant
/l/
i. See at “people”
d.
Consonant
/p/
i. See at “people”
e.
Vowel
/ə/
i. See at “achieve”
f.
Consonant
/f/
i. Place of articulation
/f/
Labiodental :
lower lip and upper teeth
ii. Manner of articulation /f/
The
sound /f/ is formed by pressing the lower lip againts the upper teeth and
allowing the air to force its way between them and through the interstices of
the teeth, the soft palate is in its raised position and the glotis is left
open. This formation may be expressed shortly by defining the sound as a breathed labio-dental fricative consonant.
g. Syllable
Ϭ Ϭ
R R
O N
C O N
C
/h/ /e/ /l/p/
/f/ /ə/ /l/
12. FOR /fə(r)/
a. Consonant /f/
i. See at “helpful”
b. Vowel /ə/
i. See at “achieve”
c. Consonant /r/
i. See at “reason”
d. Syllable
б
R
O N
/f/ /ə(r)/
13. SOMEONE /sɅmwɅn/
a. Consonant /s/
i. See at “personal”
b. Vowel /Ʌ/
i. See at “one”
c. Consonant /m/
i. Place of articulation /m/
ii. Manner of articulation /m/
The
mouth-passage is completely blocked by closing the lips, the soft palate is lowered so that, when air is emited by pressure
from the lungs, it passes out through the nose, the tongue is held in a nuetral
position, the vocal cords are made to vibrate so that voice is produced. The
formation of the sound may be expressed shortly by defining it as a voiced bi-labial nasal consonant.
d. Consonant /w/
i. See at “one”
e. Vowel /Ʌ/
i. See at “one”
f. Consonant /n/
i. See at “reason”
g. Syllable
б
б
R R
O N
C O N C
/s/ /Ʌ/ /m/
/w/ /Ʌ/ /n/
14. WHO /hu:/
a. Consonant /h/
i. See at “helpful”
b. Vowel /u:/
i. Place of articulation /u:/
High
vowels: Produced with the tongue high in the mouth.
Manner of
articulation /u:/
a. Height of tongue : nearly close
b. Part of tongue which is highest : the back
c. Position of lips : close lip-rounding
d. Opening between jaws : narrow to medium.
The
tip of the tongue is generally, though not necessarily, somewhat reracted from
the lower teeth. As in the case of all normal vowels, soft palate is in its
raised position and the vocal cords as in vibration.
c. Syllable
б
R
O N
/h/ /u:/
15. PRETENDS /prɪ’tend(s)/
a. Consonant /p/
i. See at “people”
b. Consonant /r/
i. See at “reason”
c. Consonant /t/
i. See at “people”
d. Vowel /e/
i. See at “helpful”
e. Consonant /n/
i. See at “one”
f. Consonant /d/
i. Place of articulation /d/
Alveolar
: tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth.
ii. 
Manner
of articulation /d/
Manner
of articulation /d/
Plosive : d-phoneme is
formed like the principal English /t/ except that the force of exhalation is
waker and the vocal cords are made to vibrate so that voice is hard. The
formation of the principal English /d/ may therefore be expressed shortly by
defining it as a voiced alveolar plosive consonant.
g. Syllable
б
б
R
R
O N C O
N C
/p/ /r/ /ɪ’/
/t/ /e/ /nd(s)/
16. TO /tə;/
a. Consonant /t/
i. See at
b. Vowel /ə:/
i. See at “to”
c. Syllable
б
R
O N
/t/ /ə;/
17. BE /bi;/
a. Consonant /b/
i. Place of articulation /b/
Bilabial
: two lips. Bilabial consonants are produced by
creating a closure with both lips.
ii. Manner of
articulation /b/
Plosive : The air passage is
completely blocked by closing the lips and raising the soft palate, the air is
compressed by pressure from the lungs, and when the lips are opened the air suddenly
escapes from the mouth, and in doing so makes an explosive sound, the vocal
cords made to vibrate. The formation of the sound may be expressed shortly by
defining it as a voice bilabial plosive consonant.
b.
Vowel
/i:/
i. See at “reason”
18. MORE /mɔ:(r)/
a. Consonant /m/
i. Place of articulation /m/
Bilabial
= two lips. Bilabial consonants are produced by
creating a closure with both lips.
ii. Manner of
articulation /m/
The mouth-passage is
completely blocked by closing the tips, the
soft palate is lowered so that, when air is emitted by pressure from the lungs,
it passes out through the nose, the tongue is held in a neutral position, the
vocal cords are made tovibrate so that voice is produced. The formation of the
sound may be expressed shortly by defining it as a voiced bi-labial nasal consonant.
b.
Vowel /ɔ:/
i. Place of articulation /ɔ:/
Back
vowels: Produced with the tongue in the back of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /ɔ:/
The
manner of forming the English long /ɔ:/
a. Height of tongue : between half-open and open.
c. Position of lips : between open and close lip-rounding.
d. Opening between the jaws : medium to fairly wide.
The
tip of the tongue is generally. Though not necessary, slightly retracted from
the lower teeth. As with all normal vowels, the soft palate is in its raised
position and the vocal cords are in vibration.
c. Consonant /r/
i. See at “reason”
d. Syllable
б
R
O N C
/m/ /ɔ:/ /(r)/
19. CONFIDENT /’kɒnfɪdənt/
a. Consonant /k/
i. Place of articulation /k/
Velar :
the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate ("velum"), the area
right behind the palate.
ii. Manner of
articulation /k/
The
air passage is completely blocked by raising the back of the tongue to touch
the fore part of the soft palate, the soft palate being at the same time raised
so as to shut off the nose passage. The air is compressed by pressure from the
lungs and when the contact of the tongue with tha palate is released by
lowering the tongue, the air suddenly escapes through the mouth and in doing so
makes an explosive sound, the vocal cords are not made to vibrate. The
formation of the principal English /k/ may be expressed shortly by defining it
is a voiceless velar plosive consonant.
b. Vowel /ɒ/
i. Place of articulation /ɒ/
Back
vowels : Produced with the tongue in the back of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /ɒ/
Is
sound in which the back of the tongue is lowered as far as passible and
retracted as far as possible consistently with the sound being a vowel and in
which the lips are not rounded.
c. Syllable
R R R
O N C
O N C
O N
/’k/ /ɒ/ /n/
/f/ /ɪ/ /d/
/ə/ /nt/
20. THAN / ðen;/
a. Consonant /ð/
b. Vowel /e/
i. See at “helpful”
c. Consonant /n/
i. See at “one”
d. Syllable б
R
O N C
/ð/ /e/ /n;/
21. HE /hi:/
a. Consonant /h/
i. See at “helpful”
b. Vowel /i:/
i. See at “reason”
c. Syllable
б
R
O
N
/h/ /i:/
22. REALLY /’ri:əli/
a. Consonant /r/
i. See at “reason”
b. Vowel /i:/
i. See at “reason”
c. Vowel /ə/
i. See at “achieve”
d. Consonal /l/
i. See at “people”
e. Vowel /i/
i. See at “achieving”
f. Syllable
б б
R R
O
N O N
/’r/ /i:ə/ /l/ /i/
23. IS /iz/
a. Vowel /i/
i. See at “achieving”
b. Consonant /z/
i. See at “is”
c. Syllable
INFORMAL SENTENCES
A. Gonna
= going to
Nothing
gonna change your love for me.
/ˈnʌθ.ɪŋ/ /ˈgə.nə/ /tʃeɪndʒ/ /jɔː r / /lʌv/ /fɔː r /
/miː/
1.
Nothing /ˈnʌθ.ɪŋ/
a.
Consonant /n/
i. Place of articulation /n/
Alveolar
: tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth.
English alveolar consonants are
formed by raising the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge, which lies right
behind the teeth. There are both fricatives and stops.
ii. Manner of
articulation /n/
Nasal : The mouth-passage is
completeli blocked by raising the tip of the tounge to touch the teet-ridge as
shown in picture, the soft palate is lowered so that, when air is emitted by
pressure from the lungs, it passes out through the nose, the vocal cord are
made to vibrate so that “voice” is produced. This formation may be expressed
shortly by defining the sound as a voiced
alveolar nasal consonant.
b.
Vowel /Ʌ/
i. Place of articulation /Ʌ/
Back vowels: Produced with the tongue in the
back of the mouth.
ii. Manner of
articulation /Ʌ/
Open-mid back unrounded vowel [ʌ], a short
sound as in one[wʌn]. The tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the
mouth, almost touching the soft palate.
c.
Consonant /θ/
i. Place of articulation /θ/
Interdental :
tongue between the teeth
ii. Manner of articulation /θ/
The
sound /θ/ is articulated by the tip of the tongue being fairly flat, the air passage between the tip of the tongue and
the upper teeth is narrow, the soft palate is in its raised position and the
vocal cords are not made to vibrate. The formation of /θ/ may be expressed
shortly by defining it as breathed dental
fricative consonant.
d.
Vowel /ɪ/
i. Place of articulation /ɪ/
Front vowels:
Produced with the tongue in the front of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /ɪ/
The
manner of forming this English short /ɪ/
a. Height of tongue : nearly “half close”
b. Part of tongue which is highest : the hinder part of
the “front”
c. Position of lips : spread or neutral
d. Opening between the jaws : narrow to medium
The tip of the tongue
touches the lower teeth, but smaal variations in its position do not materially
affect the tamber. As with all normal vowels, the soft palate is in its raised
position and the cords are in vibration.
e.
Consonant /ɧ/
i. Place of articulation /ɧ/
Velar :
the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate ("velum"), the area
right behind the palate.
ii. Manner
of articulation /ɧ/
f.
Syllable
б б
R R
O N C
O N
/ˈn/ /ʌ/ /θ./
/ɪ/ /ŋ/
2.
Gonna /ˈgə.nə/
a.
Consonant /g/
i. Place of articulation /g/
Velar :
the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate ("velum"), the area
right behind the palate.
ii. Manner of articulation /g/
Vocal cords are pulled close
together. The air passing through the glottis causes the vocal cords to
vibrate. This is called the voicing state and sounds produced with this
configuration of the vocal cords are called /g/.
b.
Vowel /ə/
i. Place of articulation /ə/
Central vowels:
Produced with the tongue in the center of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /ə/
The approximate
tongue-position of /ə/, its lip-position is similar
c.
Syllable
б б
R R
O N O N
/ˈg/ /ə./ /n/
/ə/
3.
Change /tʃeɪndʒ/
a.
Consonant /tʃ/
i. Place of articulation /tʃ/
Palato alveolar
ii. Manner of articulation /tʃ/
Africative
: the air-passage is completely blocked by raising the soft palate and raising the tip and blade of the tongue into
the position shown in picture, that is
to say a closed position in which the main part of the tingue is shaped nearly
as for /ʃ/. While the “stop” is being held, air is compressed by pressure from
the lungs, when the tongue is removed from the teeth-ridge, the air escapes
through the mouth : the removal of the tongue is performed in such a way that
the effect of the homorganic fricative /ʃ/ is audible before any following
sound is reached the vocal cords are not made to vibrate. The fromation of /tʃ/
may be expressed shortly by defining it as a voiceless palato-alveolar affricative consonant.
b. Dipthong /eɪ/
i. Place of articulation /eɪ/
Middle
: Produced with the tongue in the middle of the mouth.
ii. Manner of articulation /eɪ/
The
dipthong /eɪ/ strarts at about English /e/ and moves in the direction of /i/.
c. Consonant /dʒ/
i. Place of articulation /dʒ/
Palato
alveolar
ii. Manner of articulation /dʒ/
The
English /dʒ/ phoneme is formed like /tʃ/ except that the vocal cords are made
to vibrate so that voice is produced during the articulation of the sound may
therefore be expressed shortly by defining is as voiced palato-alveolar affricate consonant.
d. Syllable
б
R
O N C
/tʃ/ /eɪ/ /ndʒ/
4.
Your /jɔː r /
a.
Consonant /j/
i. Place of articulation /j/
Palatal
ii. Manner of articulation /j/
The front of the
tongue is raised rather high in the direction of the hard palate, the lips are
spread, the soft palate is in its raised position, the vocal cords are made to
vibrate, so that voice is hard. The formation of /j/ may be expressed shortly
by defining the sound as an unrounded
palatal semi-vowel.
b.
Syllable
б
R
O N C
/j/ /ɔː/ /r/
5.
Love /lʌv/
a.
Consonant /v/
i. Place of articulation /v/
ii. Manner of articulation /v/
The sound /v/ is formed by pressing the lower lip
against the upper teeth and allowing the air to force its way between them and
through the interstices of the teeth, the soft palate is in its raised position
and the glottis is left open. The vocal cords are made to vibrate so that voice
is produced during thr articulation of the sound. The formation of /v/ may
therefore be expressed shortly by defining it as a voiced labio-dental fricative consonant.
b.
Syllable
б
R
O N C
/l/ /ʌ/ /v/
6.
For /fɔː r/
a.
Consonant /f/
i. Place of articulation /f/
Labiodental :
lower lip and upper teeth
ii. Manner of articulation /f/
b.
Syllable
б
R
O N C
/f/ /ɔː/ /r/
B.
Gimme
= Give me
Don’t gimme that pen.
/dəʊnt/
/ /ˈgɪm.i / /ðæt/ /pen/
1.
Don’t /dəʊnt/
a.
Consonant /d/
i. Place of articulation /d/
Alveolar
: tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth.
ii. Manner of articulation /d/
Plosive : d-phoneme is formed like the
principal English /t/ except that the force
of exhalation is waker and the vocal cords are made to vibrate so that voice is
hard. The formation of the principal English /d/ may therefore be expressed
shortly by defining it as a voiced
alveolar plosive consonant
b.
Dipthong /əʊ/
i. Place of articulation /əʊ/
ii. Manner of articulation /əʊ/
The formation of the vowel
with which the dipthong begins :
a. Height
of tongue : low
b. Part
of the tongue raised : the hinder part of the front
c. Position
of lips : neutral
d. Opening
between the jaws : rather wide.
The tongue-tip is touching
or nearly touching the lower front teeth, and as in the case of all ordinary
vowels, the soft palate is in its raised position and the vocal cords are in
vibration.
c.
Consonant /n/
i. See at “nothing”
d.
Consonant /t/
i. See at “to”
e.
Syllable
б
R
O
N C
/d/
/əʊ/ /nt/
2.
Gimmi /ˈgɪm.i/
a.
Consonant /g/
i. See at “gonna”
b.
Vowel /ɪ/
c.
Consonant /m/
i. See at “someone”
d.
Vowel /i/
i. See at “nothing”
e.
Syllable
б б
R R
O
N O N
/ˈg/ /ɪ/ /m./ /i/
3.
That /ðæt/
a.
Consonant /ð/
i. Place of articulation /ð/
Dental : tongue between the teeth.
ii. Manner of articulation /ð/
The principal member
English phoneme represented by /ð/ is the voiced consonant
coressponding the the breathed ɸ. Its formation may expressed shortly by
defining it as a voiced dental fricative consonant.
b.
Vowel /æ/
i. Place of articulation /æ/
ii. Manner of articulation /æ/
c.
Consonant /t/
i. See at “to”
d.
Syllable
б
R
O N C
/ð/ /æ/ /t/
4.
Pen /pen/
a.
Consonant /p/
i. See at “people”
b.
Vocal /e/
i. See at “helpful”
c.
Consonant /n/
i. See at “gonna”
d.
Syllable
б
R
O N C
/p/ /e/ /n/
SPEECH
Assalamualaikum
wr wb.
I thank God for
giving the health and time to share a knowledge on this historic day, the day
of national education.
Ladies and
Gentlemen,
Indonesia is a
big country, inhabited by hundreds of millions people includes islands spread
widely. We have been independent since 1945, but I think Indonesia is not yet
independent in terms of education. Although we have changed curricula almost
every year, but it proved that the Indonesian education has not been able to
compete with the developed countries. We tend to fall behind and have not been
able to print a great human resources class as developed countries.
Ladies and
Gentlemen,
I tried to draw
a line to the back, and I get the irony which is really disappointing. In this
very rich country, there are so many students drop out of school, do not have a
uniform, and swim to go to school because of the broken bridge. It is an irony
in the midst of our State assets.
Statistics of
school buildings damaged and have not been improved are also too much. It is
happening in the provinces that are far away from the center of government and
gives continuing negative effect on the education system in the province
itself.
Of course, a
child who does not get an education will have difficulties in achieving a
better stAndard of living in his future. You've seen that a lot of ignorance
and poverty arise because so many crimes arising from poverty.
Ladies and
Gentlemen,
Education is a
major key to get a better state order. Through proper and best education, we
are able to print high-quality human resources, eradicate ignorance, and
destroy poverty.
Therefore, let
us together to be students and teachers that are diligent, sincere, and keep
trying without the unyielding. We are Indonesia, a rich country that should
have the best education. Do not give up on the fate of our nation today, and
continues to struggle in gaining an independence education.
I would like to
thank you all for giving me the opportunity to convey these short useful
messages.
Thank you for
all the attention,
Wassalamualaikum
wr wb
SPEECH
[Assalamualaikum] [wr] [wb].
ˈaɪ ˈθæŋk ˈgɑd fər
ˈgɪvɪŋ ðə ˈhelθ ənd ˈtaɪm tə ˈʃer ə ˈnɑlɪdʒ ˈɔn ˈðɪs hɪˈstɔrɪk ˈdeɪ, ðə ˈdeɪ əv
ˈnæʃnəl ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən.
ˈleɪdiːz ənd
[Gentlemen],
ˌɪndəˈniːʒə ɪz ə
ˈbɪg ˈkəntriː, ɪnˈhæbətɪd ˈbaɪ ˈhəndrədz əv ˈmɪ(l)jənz ˈpiːpəl ɪnˈkluːdz
ˈaɪləndz ˈspred [widely]. ˈwiː ˈhæv ˈbɪn ˌɪndəˈpendənt ˈsɪns 1945, ˈbət ˈaɪ
ˈθɪŋk ˌɪndəˈniːʒə ɪz ˈnɑt ˈjet ˌɪndəˈpendənt ˈɪn ˈtərmz əv ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən. ɔlˈðoʊ
ˈwiː ˈhæv ˈtʃeɪndʒd [curricula] ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈevriː ˈjɪr, ˈbət ˈɪt ˈpruːvd ˈðæt ðə
ˌɪndəˈniːʒən ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən ˈhæz ˈnɑt ˈbɪn ˈeɪbəl tə kəmˈpiːt ˈwɪð ðə dɪˈveləpt
ˈkəntriːz. ˈwiː ˈtend tə ˈfɔl bɪˈhaɪnd ənd ˈhæv ˈnɑt ˈbɪn ˈeɪbəl tə ˈprɪnt ə ˈgreɪt
ˈhjuːmən ˈriːˌsɔrsɪz ˈklæs əz dɪˈveləpt ˈkəntriːz.
ˈleɪdiːz ənd
[Gentlemen],
ˈaɪ ˈtraɪd tə ˈdrɔ
ə ˈlaɪn tə ðə ˈbæk, ənd ˈaɪ ˈget ðiː ˈaɪrəniː ˈwɪtʃ ɪz ˈriːliː ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ.
ˈɪn ˈðɪs ˈveriː ˈrɪtʃ ˈkəntriː, ˈðer ɑr ˈsoʊ ˈmeniː ˈstuːdənts ˈdrɑp ˈæʊt əv ˈskuːl,
ˈduː ˈnɑt ˈhæv ə ˈjuːnəˌfɔrm, ənd ˈswɪm tə ˈgoʊ tə ˈskuːl bɪˈkɔz əv ðə ˈbroʊkən
ˈbrɪdʒ. ˈɪt ɪz ən ˈaɪrəniː ˈɪn ðə ˈmɪdst əv ɑr ˈsteɪt ˈæˌsets.
stəˈtɪstɪks əv
ˈskuːl ˈbɪldɪŋz ˈdæmɪdʒd ənd ˈhæv ˈnɑt ˈbɪn ɪmˈpruːvd ɑr ˈɔlsoʊ ˈtuː ˈmətʃ. ˈɪt
ɪz ˈhæpənɪŋ ˈɪn ðə ˈprɑvənsɪz ˈðæt ɑr ˈfɑr əˈweɪ ˈfrəm ðə ˈsentər əv
ˈgəvər(n)mənt ənd ˈgɪvz [continuing] ˈnegətɪv ɪˈfekt ˈɔn ðiː ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən
ˈsɪstəm ˈɪn ðə ˈprɑvəns ɪtˈself.
əv ˈkɔrs, ə ˈtʃaɪld
ˈhuː ˈdoʊz ˈnɑt ˈget ən ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən wəl ˈhæv [difficulties] ˈɪn əˈtʃiːvɪŋ ə
ˈbetər ˈstændərd əv ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈɪn (h)ɪz ˈfjuːtʃər. [You've] ˈsiːn ˈðæt ə ˈlɑt əv
ˈɪgnrəns ənd ˈpɑvərtiː əˈraɪz bɪˈkɔz ˈsoʊ ˈmeniː ˈkraɪmz əˈraɪzɪŋ ˈfrəm
ˈpɑvərtiː.
ˈleɪdiːz ənd
[Gentlemen],
ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən ɪz ə
ˈmeɪdʒər ˈkiː tə ˈget ə ˈbetər ˈsteɪt ˈɔrdər. ˈθruː ˈprɑpər ənd ˈbest
ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən, ˈwiː ɑr ˈeɪbəl tə ˈprɪnt [high-quality] ˈhjuːmən ˈriːˌsɔrsɪz,
ɪˈrædəˌkeɪt ˈɪgnrəns, ənd dɪˈstrɔɪ ˈpɑvərtiː.
ˈðerˌfɔr, ˈlet ˈəs
təˈgeðər tə ˈbiː ˈstuːdənts ənd ˈtiːtʃərz ˈðæt ɑr ˈdɪlədʒənt, sɪnˈsɪr, ənd
ˈkiːp ˈtriːɪŋ wɪˈðæʊt ðiː ˌənˈjiːldɪŋ. ˈwiː ɑr ˌɪndəˈniːʒə, ə ˈrɪtʃ ˈkəntriː
ˈðæt ʃəd ˈhæv ðə ˈbest ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən. ˈduː ˈnɑt ˈgɪv ˈəp ˈɔn ðə ˈfeɪt əv ɑr
ˈneɪʃən təˈdeɪ, ənd kənˈtɪnjuːz tə ˈstrəgəl ˈɪn ˈgeɪnɪŋ ən ˌɪndəˈpendəns
ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən.
ˈaɪ wəd ˈlaɪk tə
ˈθæŋk ˈjuː ˈɔl fər ˈgɪvɪŋ ˈmiː ðiː ˌɑpərˈtuːnətiː tə kənˈveɪ [these] ˈʃɔrt
ˈjuːsfəl ˈmesɪdʒɪz.
ˈθæŋk ˈjuː fər ˈɔl
ðiː əˈtenʃən,
[Wassalamualaikum]
[wr] [wb]
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