Contoh Analysis English Phonology
English Phonology
Formal Sentences
A point to be stressed at the outset is
that many reading lessons will not conform to a pattern. Because different
texts need diffrent treatment, we cannot expect to handle them all within a
single convenient framework. Moreover, not all our lessons will deal with only
a single text. If we are interested in training a specific skill, such as the
skill of prediction, we may design exercises to practise it which make use of
several texts, none of them to be studied very thoroughly. Some skill may be
practised by study sentences.
Analysis
The phoneme
·
Spelling
[ei] [pi:/ou/ai/en/ti:] [ti:/i:]
[es/ti:/i:/es/es/i:/di] [ei/ti:] [ti:/eitc/i:] [ou/yu:/ti:/es/i:/ti:] [ai/es]
[ti:/eitc/ei/ti:] [em/ei/en/wai] [a:/i:/ei/di/ai/en/ji] [el/i:/es/es/en/es]
[dubleyu/ai/el/el] [en/ou/ti:] [si/ou/en/ef/ou/a:/em] [ti:/ou] [ei]
[pi:/ei/ti:/ti:/a:/en]. [bi/i:/si/ei/yu:/es/i:] [di/ai/ef/ef/i:/a:/en/ti:]
[ti:/i:/eks/ti:/es] [en/i:/i:/di] [di/ai/ef/ef/i:/a:/en/ti:]
[ti:/a:/i:/ei/ti/em/i:/en/ti:], [dubleyu/i:] [si/ei/en/en/ou/ti:]
[i:/eks/pi/i:/si/ti:] [ti:/ou] [eitc/ei/en/di/el/i:] [ti:/eitc/i:/em]
[ei/el/el] [dubleyu/ai/ti:/eitc/ai/en] [ei] [es/ai/en/ji/el/en]
[si/ou/en/vi/i:/en/i:/ai/en/ti] [ef/a:/ei/em/i:/dubleyu/ou/a:/kei].
[em/ou/a:/i:/ou/vi/i:/a:], [en/ou/ti:] [ei/el/el] [ou/yu/a:]
[el/i:/es/es/ou/en/es] [dubleyu/ai/el/el] [di/i:/ei/el] [dubleyu/ai/ti:/eitc]
[ou/en/el/wai] [ei] [es/ai/en/ji/el/i:] [ti:/i:/eks/ti:/es]. [ai/ef]
[dubleyu/i:] [ei/a:/i:] [ai/en/ti:/i:/a:/i:/es/ti:/i:/di] [ai/en]
[ti/a:/ei/ai/en/ai/en/ji] [ei] [es/pi/i:/si/ai/ef/ai/si] [es/kei/ai/el/el]
[es/yu/si/eitc] [ei/es] [ti:/eitch/i:] [es/kei/ai/el/el] [ou/ef] [pi/a:/i:/di/a:/si/ti:/ai/ou/en]
[dubleyu/i:] [em/ei/wai] [di/i:/es/ji/ai/en] [i:/eks/i:/a:/si/ai/es/i:/es]
[ti:/ou] [pi/a:/ei/si/ti/ai/es/i:] [ai/ti:] [dubleyu/eitc/ai/si/eitc] [em/ei/kei/i:]
[yu/es/i:] [ou/ef] [es/i:/vi/i:/a:/ei/el] [ti:/i:/eks/ti:], [en/ou/en/i:]
[ou/ef] [ti:/eitc/i:/em] [ti:/ou] [bi/i:] [es/ti:/yu/di/ai/i:/di]
[vi/i:/a:/wai] [ti:/eitc/ou/a:/ou/yu/ji/eitc/elwai]. [es/ou/em/i:]
[es/kei/i:/el/el] [em/ei/wai] [bi/i:] [pi/a:/ei/si/ti:/es/i:/di] [bi/wai]
[es/ti:/yu/di/wai] [es/i:/en/ti:/i:/en/si/i:/es].
·
Phonetic
/ə;/ /pɔɪnt/ /tu:/ /bi/ /stresd/ /ət/ /ðə:/ /’aʊtset/ /ɪz/ /ðӕt/ /’meni/ /’ri:dɪɳ/ /’lesnz/ /wɪl/ /nɒt/
/kən’fɔ:m/ /tu;/ /ə;/ /’pӕtn/. /bɪ’kɒz/ /’dɪfrənt/ /tekst/ /ni:d/ /’dɪfrənt/
/’tri:tmənt/, /wi:/ /’kӕnɒt/ /ɪk’spekt/ /tu:/ /’hӕndl/ /ðəm/ /ɔ:l/ /wɪ’ðɪn/ /ə/ /sɪɳgl/ /kən’vi:niənt/ /freɪmwɜk/.
/mɔ:r’əʊvə/, /nɒt/ /ɔ:l/ /ɑ:(r)/ /’lesnz/ /wɪl/ /di:l/ /wɪɵ/ /’əʊnli/ /ə/
/sɪɳgl/ /tekst/ . /ɪf/ /wi:/ /ɑ:(r)/ /ɪntrəstid/ /ɪn/ /treɪniɳ/ /ə/ /spə’sɪfɪk/
/skɪl/ , /sʌtʃ/ /əz/ /ðə:/ /skɪl/ /əv/ /prɪ’dɪkʃn/, /wi:/ /meɪ/ /dɪ’zaɪn/ /’eksəsaɪz/ /tu:/
/’prӕktɪs/ /ɪt/ /wɪtʃ/ /meɪk/ /ju:z/ /əv/ /’sevrəl/ /tekst/, /nʌn/ /əv/ /ðəm/ /tu:/ /bi/ /’stʌdi:d/ /’veri/ /’ɵʌrəli/.
/sʌm/ /skɪl/ /meɪ/ /bi/ /’prӕktɪs/ /baɪ/ /’stʌdi/ /’sentəns/
·
Vowels
Ø Front vowels
The vowels are front, produse with the
the front of the tongue raised towards the
hard palate, in the paragraph included
front vowels are:
o
Is, will, expect, within, single, if, in, skill, it, by = ɪ
o
That, pettern, handle, practised, =
ӕ
o
Reading, need, we =
i:
o
Make, may, =
eɪ
Ø Back vowels
Back vowels have the back of tongue
raised, towards the soft palate or velum, , in the paragraph included back
vowels are:
o
Not =
ɒ
o
Outset =
ʊ
o
Are =
ɑ:
o
All =
ɔ:
o
To =
u:
Ø Central vowels
Vowels between front and back, and
involve raising of th body of the tongue towards the area where the hard and
soft palate join. , in the paragraph included central vowels are:
o
A, at, them , as, of, only =
ə
o None, studied = ʌ
Ø High vowels
Have the tongue raise most towards the
roof of the mouth. If the raising was significanly greater, then fiction would
be produse, making a fricative consonant, not a vowels, the high vowels are:
o
Is, will, expect, within, single, if, in, skill, it, by = ɪ
o
Reading, need, we =
i:
o
Outset =
ʊ
o To =
u:
Ø Low vowels
Where the tongue isn;t raised at all, but
rather lowwered from its raising position. Low vowels are :
o
That, pettern, handle, practised, =
ӕ
o
Are =
ɑ:
Ø Mid vowels
These is further class intermediate
between high and low vowels. These can if necassary be further subclassified as
high mid or low mid depending on whether they are nearer yhe high end of the
scale, or nearer the low end. Mid vowels are:
o
Make, may, =
eɪ
o
Not =
ɒ
o
All =
ɔ:
o
A, at, them , as, of, only =
ə
o None, studied = ʌ
·
Monopthongs and dipthongs
Most of the vowels so far have been
monopthongs, in which the quality of the vowels stays fairly consistent from
the begining of its production to the end. There also several diphtongs that
change in quality during their production, and are typically transcribe with
one starting point, and a quite different end point, as might be expected from
the describtion, diphthongs are typically long vowels.
And are the diphthongs:
o
Point =
ɔɪ
o
Outset =
aʊ
·
Consonant
o
Manner of articulation
Stop
A stop consonant completely cuts off the
airflow through the mouth. In the consonants [t], [d], and [n], the tongue tip
touches the alveolar ridge and cuts off the airflow at that point. In [t] and
[d], this means that there is no airflow at all for the duration of the stop.
In [n], there is no airflow through the mouth, but there is still airflow
through the nose. We distinguish between
nasal stops, like [n], which involve airflow through the nose, and
oral stops, like [t] and [d], which do not.
Fricatives
In the stop [t], the tongue tip touches
the alveolar ridge and cuts off the airflow. In [s], the tongue tip approaches
the alveolar ridge but doesn't quite touch it. There is still enough of an
opening for airflow to continue, but the opening is narrow enough that it
causes the escaping air to become turbulent (hence the hissing sound of the
[s]). In a fricative consonant, the articulators involved in the constriction
approach get close enough to each other to create a turbluent airstream. The
fricatives of English are [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], and [ʒ].
Affricates
An affricate is a single sound composed
of a stop portion and a fricative portion. In English [tʃ], the airflow is
first interuppted by a stop which is very similar to [t] (though made a bit further
back). But instead of finishing the articulation quickly and moving directly
into the next sound, the tongue pulls away from the stop slowly, so that there
is a period of time immediately after the stop where the constriction is narrow
enough to cause a turbulent airstream. In [tʃ], the period of turbulent
airstream following the stop portion is the same as the fricative [ʃ]. English
[dʒ] is an affricate like [tʃ], but voiced.
Laterals
Pay attention to tongue when say the first consonant of [lif]
leaf. tongue tip is touching alveolar
ridge (or perhaps upper teeth), but this doesn't make [l] a stop. Air is still
flowing during an [l] because the side of tongue has dropped down and left an
opening. (Some people drop down the right side of their tongue during an [l];
others drop down the left; a few drop down both sides.) Sounds which involve
airflow around the side of the tongue are called laterals. Sounds which are not
lateral are called central.
[l] is the only lateral in English. The
other sounds of Englihs, like most of the sounds of the world's languages, are
central.More specifically, [l] is a lateral approximant. The opening left at
the side of the tongue is wide enough that the air flowing through does not
become turbulent.
o
Place of articulator
/p/
voiceless bilabial plosive
Active
articularotor in the bottom lip, and the passive articulator on the top
lip
/b/
voiceless bilabial plosive
Active
articularotor in the bottom lip, and the passive articulator on the top
lip
/m/ voicless bilabial nasal
/w/ voiced labial-velar approximent
The lips are certainly approximant,
though not enough to cause friction or obstruct the airflow.
/f/ voiceless labio-dental fricative
Active articulator in botton lips, and
then move to the front teeth
/v/ voiceless labio-dental fricative
Active articulator in botton lips, and
then move to the front teeth
[ɵ] voiceless dental fricative
The active articulator is the tip of the
tongue, and the tongue conventionaly into the tip, the blade, the front, the back
and the root.
[ð] voiced dental fricative
The active articulator is the tip of the
tongue, and the tongue conventionaly into the tip, the blade, the front, the
back and the root.
/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/d/ voiced alveolar plosive
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/n/ voices alveolar nasal
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/z/ voiced alveolar fricative
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/r/ voice alveolar central approximent
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/l/ voiced alveolar lateral approximent
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/ʃ/ voicless postalveolar frictive
Produse with the blade of the tongue as
the active articulator and the adjoining part of alveolar ridge and the hard
palate as the passive.
/ʒ/ voiced postalveolar fricative
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/k/ voiceless velar plosive
The active articulator is the back of
tongue,
/ɳ/ voice velar nasal
the passive articulator is the velum or
soft palate
Informal
Slow it down make it stop or else my
heart is going to pop cause it's too much it's a lot to be something I'm not. I'm
a fool out of love 'cause I just can't get enough. I'm just a little bit caught
in the middle life is a maze and love is a riddle, I don't know where to go I
can't do it alone I try and I don't know why. I'm just a little girl lost in
the moment i'm so scared but I don't show it i can't figure it out It's bring
me down i know I've got to let it go. And just enjoy the show
Analysis
·
Spelling
[es/el/ou/dubleyu] [ai/ti:]
[di/ou/dubleyu/en] [em/ei/kei/i:] [ai/ti:] [es/ti:/ou/pi] [ou/a:] [i:/el/es/i:]
[em/wai] [eitc/i:/ei/a:/ti:] [ai/es] [ji/ou/ai/en/ji] [ti:/ou] [pi/ou/pi]
[si/ei/yu/es.i:] [ai/ti:/es] [ti:/ou/ou] [em/yu/si/eitc] [ai/ti:/’/es] [ei]
[el/ou/ti:] [ti:/ou] [bi/i:] [es/ou/em/i:/ti:/eitc/ai/en/ji] [ai/’/em]
[en/ou/ti:]. [ai/’/em] [ei] [ef/ou/ou/el] [ou/yu/ti:] [ou/ef] [el/ou/vi/i:]
[si/ei/yu/es/i:] [ai] [jei/yu/es/ti:] [si/ei/en/’/ti:] [ji/i:/ti:]
[i:/en/ou/yu/ji/eitc]. [ai/’/em] [jei/yu/es/ti:] [ei] [el/ai/ti:/ti:el/i:]
[bi/ai/ti:] [si/ei/yu/ji/eitc/ti] [ai/en] [ti:/eitc/i:] [em/ai/di/di/el/i:]
[el/ai/ef/i:] [ai/es] [em/ei/zed/i:] [ei/en/di] [el/ou/vi/i:] [ai/es] [ei]
[ar/ai/di/di/el/i:], [ai] [di/ou/en/’/ti:] [kei/en/ou/dubleyu]
[dubleyu/eitc/i:/a:/i:] [ti:/ou] [ji/ou] [ai] [si/ei/en/’/ti:] [di/ou] [ai/ti:]
[ei/el/ou/en/i:] [ai] [ti:/a:/wai] [ei/en/di] [ai] [di/ou/en/’/ti:]
[kei/en/ou/dubleyu] [dubleyu/eitc/wai]/ [ai/’/em] [jei/yu/es/ti:] [ei]
[el/ai/ti:/ti:/el/i:] [ji/ai/a:/el[ [el/ou/es/ti:] [ai/en] [ti:/eitc/i:]
[em/ou/em/i:/en/ti:] [ai/’/em] [es/ou] [es/si/ei/a:/i:/di] [bi/yu/ti:]
[di/ou/’/ti:] [es/eitc/ou/dubleyu] [ai] [si/ei/en/’/ti] [ef/ai/ji/yu/a:/i:]
[ai/ti:] [ou/yu/ti:] [ai/ti:] [bi/a:/ai/en/ji] [em/ai] [di/ou/dubleyu/en] [ai]
[kei/en/ou/dubleyu] [ai/’/vi/i:] [ji/ou/ti] [ti:/ou] [el/i:/ti:] [ai/ti:]
[ji/ou]/ [ei/en/di] [jei/yu/es/ti:] [i:/en/jei/ou/wai] [ti:/eitc/i:]
[es/eitc/ou/dubleyu]
·
Phonetic
/slǝʊ/ /ɪt/ /daʊn/ /meɪk/ / ɪt/ /stɒp/ /ɔ:/
/els/ /maɪ/ /hɑ:t/ /ɪz/ /gǝʊɪɳ/ /tu:/ /pɒp/ /k ɔ:z/ / ɪtz/ /tu:/ /mʌtʃ/ /ɪtz/
/ǝ:/ /lɒt/ /tu:/ bi;/ /’sʌmɵtiɳ/ /aɪm/ /ǝ:/ /fu:l/ /aʊt/ /ǝv/ /lʌv/ /k ɔ:z/ /aɪ/
/dʒʌst/ /kɑ:nt/ /get/ /i’nʌf/ . /aɪm/ /dʒʌst/ /ǝ;/ /’lɪtl/ /bɪt/ /kɔ:t/ /ɪn / /ðǝ;/ /’mɪdl/ /laɪf/ /ɪz/ /ǝ:/ meɪz/ /ǝn/ /lʌv/ /ɪz/ /ǝ;/ /’rɪdl/, /aɪ/
/dəʊnt/ /nəʊ/ /weə/ tə:/ /gəʊ/ /aɪ/ /kɑ:nt/ /du:/ /ɪt/ /ǝ’lǝʊn/ /aɪ/ /traɪ/
/ǝn/ /aɪ/ /dəʊnt/ /nəʊ/ /waɪ/. /aɪm/ /dʒʌst/ /ǝ;/ /’lɪtl/ /gɜ:l/ lɒst/ /ɪn/ /ðə:/ /’məʊmənt/ /aɪm/ /səʊ/ /skɑ:(r)/
/bǝt;/ /aɪ/ /dǝʊnt/ /ʃǝʊ/ /ɪt/ /aɪ/ /kɑ:nt/ /’figǝ/ /ɪt/ /aʊt/ /ɪtz/ /brɪɳ/
/mi:/ /daʊn/ /aɪ/ /nəʊ/ /aɪv/ /gɒt/ /tu:/ let/ /ɪt/ /gəʊ/ . /ən/ /dʒʌst/ ɪn’dʒɔɪ/
/ðə:/ /ʃəʊ/
·
Vowels
Ø Front vowels
The vowels are front, produse with the
the front of the tongue raised towards the hard palate, in the paragraph
included front vowels are:
o
I’m, little, bit, in, midle, life, is maze, ridle, it = ɪ
o
me =
i:
o
maze =
eɪ
o
laif, i =
a
Ø Back vowels
Back vowels have the back of tongue
raised, towards the soft palate or velum, , in the paragraph included back
vowels are:
o
Stop, lost, pop, got, lot =
ɒ
o
go, show, down,alone =
ʊ
o
heart, can’t, =
ɑ:
o
cause,caught, or =
ɔ:
o
To, full =
u:
Ø Central vowels
Vowels between front and back, and
involve raising of th body of the tongue towards the area where the hard and
soft palate join. , in the paragraph included central vowels are:
o
A, of, and, alone, but =
ə
o Just, love, = ʌ
Ø High vowels
Have the tongue raise most towards the
roof of the mouth. If the raising was significanly greater, then fiction would
be produse, making a fricative consonant, not a vowels, the high vowels are:
o
I’m, little, bit, in, midle, life, is maze, ridle, it = ɪ
o
me =
i:
o
go, show, down,alone =
ʊ
o To, full =
u:
Ø Low vowels
Where the tongue isn;t raised at all, but
rather lowwered from its raising position. Low vowels are :
o
heart, can’t, =
ɑ:
Ø Mid vowels
These is further class intermediate
between high and low vowels. These can if necassary be further subclassified as
high mid or low mid depending on whether they are nearer yhe high end of the
scale, or nearer the low end. Mid vowels are:
o
maze =
eɪ
o
Stop, lost, pop, got, lot =
ɒ
o
cause,caught, or =
ɔ:
o
A, of, and, alone, but =
ə
o Just, love = ʌ
·
Monopthongs and dipthongs
Most of the vowels so far have been
monopthongs, in which the quality of the vowels stays fairly consistent from
the begining of its production to the end. There also several diphtongs that
change in quality during their production, and are typically transcribe with
one starting point, and a quite different end point, as might be expected from
the describtion, diphthongs are typically long vowels.
And are the diphthongs:
o
go, show, down,alone =
aʊ
·
Consonant
o
Place of articulator
/p/
voiceless bilabial plosive
Active
articularotor in the bottom lip, and the passive articulator on the top
lip
/b/
voiceless bilabial plosive
Active
articularotor in the bottom lip, and the passive articulator on the top
lip
/m/ voicless bilabial nasal
/w/ voiced labial-velar approximent
The lips are certainly approximant,
though not enough to cause friction or obstruct the airflow.
/f/ voiceless labio-dental fricative
Active articulator in botton lips, and
then move to the front teeth
/v/ voiceless labio-dental fricative
Active articulator in botton lips, and
then move to the front teeth
[ɵ] voiceless dental fricative
The active articulator is the tip of the
tongue, and the tongue conventionaly into the tip, the blade, the front, the
back and the root.
[ð] voiced dental fricative
The active articulator is the tip of the
tongue, and the tongue conventionaly into the tip, the blade, the front, the
back and the root.
/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/d/ voiced alveolar plosive
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/n/ voices alveolar nasal
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/z/ voiced alveolar fricative
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/r/ voice alveolar central approximent
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/l/ voiced alveolar lateral approximent
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/ʃ/ voicless postalveolar frictive
Produse with the blade of the tongue as
the active articulator and the adjoining part of alveolar ridge and the hard
palate as the passive.
/ʒ/ voiced postalveolar fricative
Produse by the tip or blade of the tongue
move up towards the alveolar ridge
/k/ voiceless velar plosive
The active articulator is the back of
tongue,
/ɳ/ voice velar nasal
the passive articulator is the velum or
soft palate
0 Response to "Contoh Analysis English Phonology"
Post a Comment